The TCP/IP reference model is a four-layer reference model that was designed to meet the requirements of the U.S. DoD standards for a robust network communication system. All networks that communicate with other networks rely upon the TCP/IP reference model. The four layers that comprise the model are discussed below.
Network Interface Layer (a.k.a. Link layer)
The lowest layer is the Network interface layer, which is also known as the Link layer. It handles electrical signaling, flow control, error detection, and node addressing. This layer can be mapped to Layer 1 and Layer 2 of the OSI reference model.
The protocols in this layer include Ethernet for local area networks (LANs) and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
Internet Layer
The Internet layer handles routing functions and identifies network systems and nodes on those networks. This layer can be mapped to Layer 3 of the OSI reference model.
The network layer protocols are the IP and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which is used for error reporting.
Transport Layer
The Transport layer handles breaking the data into more manageable pieces for the lower layers. It is also the layer that is responsible for the delivery method—which can be either reliable or unreliable. When reliable delivery is used, the Transport layer also handles error correction. This layer maps to Layer 4 of the OSI reference model.
The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is sometimes used instead of TCP for special purposes.
Application Layer.
The Application layer handles requests for services from applications. It also handles translation to machine-independent languages and encryption. Additionally, the Application layer sets up and tears down communication sessions between systems. This layer maps to the top three layers of the OSI model (Layer 5, Layer 6, and Layer 7).
Its protocols include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
Network Interface Layer (a.k.a. Link layer)
The lowest layer is the Network interface layer, which is also known as the Link layer. It handles electrical signaling, flow control, error detection, and node addressing. This layer can be mapped to Layer 1 and Layer 2 of the OSI reference model.
The protocols in this layer include Ethernet for local area networks (LANs) and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
Internet Layer
The Internet layer handles routing functions and identifies network systems and nodes on those networks. This layer can be mapped to Layer 3 of the OSI reference model.
The network layer protocols are the IP and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which is used for error reporting.
Transport Layer
The Transport layer handles breaking the data into more manageable pieces for the lower layers. It is also the layer that is responsible for the delivery method—which can be either reliable or unreliable. When reliable delivery is used, the Transport layer also handles error correction. This layer maps to Layer 4 of the OSI reference model.
The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is sometimes used instead of TCP for special purposes.
Application Layer.
The Application layer handles requests for services from applications. It also handles translation to machine-independent languages and encryption. Additionally, the Application layer sets up and tears down communication sessions between systems. This layer maps to the top three layers of the OSI model (Layer 5, Layer 6, and Layer 7).
Its protocols include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
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